There are two instances where you formulate a list of questions during the discovery phase of the product design and development process.
The first set of questions are introspective in nature and give us a frame of reference for the decisions we are about to make as a product designer. These exist in a creative brief or product design document.
The second set of questions are questions that help us validate our product hypotheses or uncover more insights with our users. These exist in a user interview guide/checklist.
Asking better questions during the product design process is key to minimising waste and maximising the success of your product in the market. Better questions often lead to better insights and better insights lay the right foundation for better products.
The suggestions shared below focuses on the situation of interviewing users, though it could work in product discussions when building a common understanding of the product vision with the team. I share these learnings through years of working as a journalist to write better stories and user researcher to build better products and communities.
Why face to face user interviews? It is efficient. Unlike mass surveys, which require a meaningful sample size, user interviews gather a snapshot of qualitative insights equivalent to longer anthropological studies.
Start with why
Without understanding the why of each question, we won’t know if our questions have been answered. Knowing the why of each question also helps us to determine if answers are on point. The following is a non-exhaustive list of questions we could ask users one at a time:
- Descriptive: Could you walk me through your purchase decision as a customer? (Experience based answer shared in a form of a story)
- Intuitive: What frustrates you the most during the purchase process? (Watch for shifts in emotional tone and facial expression)
- Validation driven: Does this product solve the problem you just described in the specific situation? (Yes/No. Why not?)
- Data-driven: How often would you hire this product to get the job done? (Frequency based response) or On a scale of 1 to 10, how likely will you recommend this product to a friend? (Metric based response)
- Comparative: What are the pros and cons of a competitor’s product?
- Open-ended: If I were to give you a magic wand to change anything in this product what will you change?
Give context
Not every user understand the background of the issues at hand or why they were chosen for the interview. Without context, a series of questions can seem like an interrogation and put users on the defensive. A better approach is to be as transparent as possible to users and share that the answers they offer would not be judged or used against them. A helpful mantra to bear in mind is: “More openness leads to more trust. More trust leads to more openness.”
Reframe in plain language
Speaking in the language of the user puts them at ease and helps them communicate fully. Speaking in their language means using terms and analogies they are familiar with in a language they are comfortable in communicating.
When conducting user interviews in Hong Kong, we quickly realise there were expressive cues and slangs we miss out when the user answered in Cantonese vs English. In countries where English is not a native language, I had experiences where I had to repeat my questions slowly or use a familiar analogy to guide users e.g. food preparation.
Avoid making assumptions, stereotyping or leading questions
Leading questions by nature limit how users can answer the question. Going into a user interview carrying assumptions and stereotypes hinders listening; we risk not being objective by filtering out responses or misinterpreting important observations.
Part of my pre-interview ritual is to imagine a blank sheet of paper which I seek to fill with answers and observations by the end of the interview. I would often delve deeper on a given answer with curiosity to make sure I’m recording a user’s explanation and not my own assumptions.
The last thing to note is that we shouldn’t limit the type of questions we ask due to known technical constraints. During the discovery phase, gathering as many insights as possible will help to uncover unmet user needs and build a backlog of ideas. These insights can then be translated into product features and categorised using the MoSCoW method. e.g. The must-have of a bicycle (or its Minimum Viable Product) is a platform that bears the weight of the user and wheels that make forward motion more efficient. If we were to visualise it, this could be a skateboard or unicycle.
Further reading: Michael Margolis (UX Research Partner of Google Ventures wrote a Medium post on finding and screening participants for your user research study which has helpful advice. Margolis also gave 16 tips in conducting user interviews which dive into some of the nuances when interviewing in person; establishing trust and comfort is critical and the environment plays a role.
Contributed by Daylon Soh
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About Daylon Soh
Daylon works in the intersection between digital marketing, digital product design and digital product management helping startups and corporations build new digital products and ventures. He uses a mix of research methods, Agile practices and communication strategies to facilitate the innovation process with teams. He currently works for Unilever as a Digital Marketing Strategist and was most recently part of the Digital Product Design team of Aviva Digital Garage working as a SCRUM Product Owner. Daylon is also an Agile Certified Practitioner (PMI-ACP)® & PRINCE2® Certified Practitioner in Project Management and instructs adult learners at General Assembly.
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